What do you understand by cold war ? Give the reasons for its rise and describe the effects of the Cold War on International Politics.
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State the objectives of the Cold War and discuss its consequences.
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What do you understand by cold war? Cause and effect?
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Analyze the present world order in the post - Cold War era.
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| What is Cold War? Its causes and consequences? |
Meaning and nature of cold war
Before the Second World War , the Soviet Union and the United States had selfishly united , but later the differences between the two began to take a serious shape. Differences due to various international problems and their own interests created a deep tension in the world. The situation of this tension and war is called cold war . This is a kind of speech war. Which is fought through newspapers, magazines , radio and propaganda means. It is a propaganda war , in which one superpower resorts to hateful propaganda against the other. It is also a kind of diplomatic war .
The cold war is not fought with weapons but is fought with other means. In this war, not a single person is killed on either side , but through this war, the possibility of terrible apocalypse and millions of murders arises. The Cold War is a war whose battlefield is the human mind. This is a war fought with the mind of humans , hence it can also be called ' nerve war ' . It taints the relations of different countries with hatred and animosity. ,
According to Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru , “ Cold War is a new form of the concept of ancient balance of power! It is not a struggle of two ideologies, but a mutual struggle of two colossal powers .
D.F. According to Fleming , “ Cold War is a mixed result of power-struggle politics. It is the result of a clash of two opposing ideologies. This is the result of two conflicting methods. It is the expression of opposing modes of thought and conflicting national interests , the proportion of which has been changing according to time and circumstances, complementing each other.
In fact, the Cold War was the result of the world's tensions arising from two opposing ideologies , two methods , two factions and two different thinking tables. These opposing ideologies are capitalist and communist. One of these takes the support of democracy , while the other takes the support of the dictatorship of the proletariat. These factions were supporters of NATO and Warsaw Pact respectively. They were operated by US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and Soviet Russia's dictator Joseph Stalin. In fact , instead of calling the Cold War a war , we can call it an atmosphere of war. Its main means is to play all kinds of diplomatic maneuvers, either aggressive or soft, and try to make the other side weak. ,
purpose of the cold war
At the end of World War II , there was an urgent need for world peace and security . United Nations Organization was established with a view to avoid mutual conflicts and if there are, they should be settled peacefully . Due to this a wave of hope ran in the whole world. But this sweet wish of hope did not last long and two factions of wartime allies were formed. There was competition among them for mutual hatred , enmity and increasing their influence. America was the leader of one group and Soviet Russia became the leader of the other group.
In fact, before the Second World War, America and the Soviet Union were against each other , because both had different life-philosophies. America promoted democracy and individualism , while the Soviet Union promoted communism. But due to circumstances , both had to unite and fight against fascism in the war.Otherwise not only the whole of Europe but the whole world would have come under the grip of fascism. It was only after the collapse of war-mongering Germany and Italy fascist forces that the temporary friendship between the western powers and Russia started to crack. Serious differences arose between them regarding world problems and conquered nations. Both started throwing mud by accusing each other. As a result, the enmity increased and the antagonism increased so much that the world got divided into two groups. Separate Chaudharys of both the factions were America and Soviet Union respectively. Thus arose the Cold War . In an atmosphere of mutual mistrust, both the Chaudharys formed their own regional military organizations and supported each other diplomatically , socially , Tried to defeat on the cultural and military front. Thus, after the Second World War, the Cold War started between the two superpowers.
due to the rise of the cold war
Following were the reasons for the rise of Cold War after the Second World War
(1) Historical reason -
The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 is generally considered to be the reason for the origin of the Cold War . Communism emerged in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution and Western nations began to be suspicious of its growing influence. They made an idea to end it to prevent it from spreading around the world and Hitler was inspired to invade Russia.
( 2) The question of the second front -
Stalin requested the Allies to open a second front against him after Hitler inflicted severe damage on them in World War II , but Roosevelt and Churchill kept on postponing for a long time. This made Stalin understand that the western countries wanted to see Russia destroyed.
(3) Difference in post-war objective -
There was also a difference in the post-war objectives of the Soviet Union and the Western countries. The Soviet Union wanted to bring the countries of Europe under its sphere of influence for its future protection from Germany , but the Western nations were determined to limit the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union.
(4) Defiance of the Yalta Agreement by the Soviet Union -
In 1945 , Stalin , Roosevelt and Churchill had made some agreements in the Yalta Conference , but Stalin tried to impose his protected Lubanin government in Poland. He violated the armistice agreements with Czechoslovakia , Bulgaria , Hungary and Rumania and the Yalta and Potsdam Treaties and refused to co-operate with the Allies.
(5) Encroachment of the Balkan Agreement by Russia -
The Soviet Union accepted Churchill's division of Eastern Europe in 1944 . But at the end of the war, Soviet Russia violated the agreement and openly helped the communist parties and the dictatorship of the proletariat was established here. It was natural for the western countries to be angry with this.
(6) Non-removal of Soviet army from Iran —
During World War II, the Soviet Army had taken control of northern Iran with the consent of Britain. After the war, the Soviet Union refused to remove the army from there. Later, as a result of the pressure of the United Nations, the Soviet Union removed the forces from there. Even the western nations got angry due to this.
(7) Soviet Union's intervention in Greece -
By an agreement in 1944 , Greece was accepted under the jurisdiction of Britain , but later with the encouragement of the Soviet Union, the neighboring communist nations-Albania , Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, etc., used Greek communist guerrillas to overthrow the traditional monarchical rule. Help started being given.
(8) Soviet Union's pressure on Turkey -
Immediately after the war, some territories of the Soviet Union began to press for the right to build naval bases in the confederation and the Bosphorus , but Western countries were against it.
(9) Invention of atomic bomb -
Another reason for the initiation of the Cold War was the invention of the atomic bomb. America and Britain had become proud of the atomic bomb. The secret of the atomic bomb was hidden from the Soviet Union. Therefore, because of this also, a situation of insanity has arisen in both the parties.
(10) Anti-American propaganda by Soviet Union -
Even before the end of World War II, anti-American articles began to be published in major newspapers of the Soviet Union. America opposed this propaganda campaign.
(11) Anti-Soviet policy and propaganda campaign of the West - The anti-Soviet policy of the West added fuel to the burning fire. On August 18 , 1945 , the Secretary of State of America and the Foreign Minister of Britain said in their release that "we have to stop the installation of one form of dictatorship in place of another." Therefore, the differences between the Soviet Union and America became more fierce .
(12) Blockade of Ballin -
Ballin was blockaded by the Soviet Union in violation of the London Protocol. Western countries kept it in the Security Council and called it dangerous for peace.
(13) Repeated use of veto by Soviet Union -
The Soviet Union repeatedly used its veto to reject each and every resolution of the US and the West. Due to this misuse of veto, the western countries started criticizing the Soviet Union.
(14) Land of the Soviet Union -
Cessation of Lease Aid: Under the Lend-Lease Act, the Soviet Union became dissatisfied when President Tumen stopped the meager aid being given by America to the Soviet Union. This further fueled the Cold War .
(15) Theoretical and ideological struggle -
It was an ideological struggle , because America is a capitalist nation , while the Soviet Union communist declaration of ' workers of the world unite ' was an open declaration to destroy the ' bourgeois capitalist system ' .
(16) Power struggle -
After the Second World War, two powerful nations emerged – America and the Soviet Union. The power struggle was essential for both these nations to maintain their influence in the world. According to Morgenthau , " International politics is the politics of power struggle."
(17) Conflict of interest -
After the Second World War, the interests of America and the Soviet Union were against each other on many issues and both were fighting for their interests.
As a result of all the above reasons, the feeling of cold war expanded.
Effects of Cold War on International Politics
or
Consequences of Cold War
The effects of cold war on international politics can be explained as follows
(1) Giving birth to an atmosphere of fear and doubt -
The Cold War not only gave birth to an atmosphere of fear , hatred , mutual distrust in international politics , but also maintained it continuously. Even in the age of Datant, this attitude remained.
(2) Division of the world into two opposing groups -
After 1945 , the politics of bipolarity is the main contribution of the Cold War . An unsuccessful attempt was made to solve all the problems of the world on the basis of two groups , due to which the problems took a serious form ; Like- Korea dispute , Berlin question , Vietnam problem , Arab-Israel conflict etc.
(3) Political recognition of military alliances -
The Cold War strengthened the military mindset , as a result of which military alliances like NATO , CENTO ,This not only intensified the Cold War , but also made the disarmament problem even more complex.
(4) Obstruction in the work of the United Nations -
The Cold War has paralyzed this international organization. Due to the Cold War , this institution became the feeder of the interests of the superpowers and it deviated from its ideals and goals. Mutual infatuation led to excessive misuse of veto power. As a result, suitable amendments could not be made in the charter.
(5) Fear of the possibility of nuclear war -
The atmosphere of the Cold War put the superpowers in a nuclear arms race , causing nuclear terror to mentally disturb the countries of the world. In the context of nuclear weapons, the structure of the traditional political system changed.
(6) Neglect of human welfare programs -
As a result of the Cold War , the politics of the world got centered between two giant countries and many works related to human welfare came to a standstill. It was the effect of the Cold War that America withdrew from UNESCO .
(7) Positive results of the Cold War -
The Cold War has also influenced world politics in a positive way ; like
( i) Balance of power was established in world politics only because of the effect of cold war.
(ii) This led to the emergence of a realistic approach in the foreign policy of the nations.
(iii) Due to cold war special progress was made in industrial , technical , molecular etc. fields.
(iv) Due to the Cold War, the principle of non-alignment was recognized in international politics.
End of cold war and unipolar world
or
end of cold war and changing political landscape
In 1990 , after the disintegration of the Soviet Union , which was made up of 15, America's supremacy in world politics has been fully established. Now the only superpower is the United States of America. So now the days of cold war are over. Russia has completely abandoned the claim of strategic capability parity with the US. The reason for the repeated deadlock between the two countries in the matter of limiting destructive weapons was that despite the desire to reduce weapons, neither wanted to make their position weaker than the other. . After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, its successor Russia has completely surrendered to America.
After the end of the Cold War , America has become the world's supreme power. In the absence of any strong resistance, the international organizations which were once considered independent – United Nations Organization , Security Council , World Bank , International Monetary Fund etc. have become puppets in the hands of America today. World Trade Organization and
Organizations like UNCTAD are also seen working to protect the interests of US policies. American influence is clearly visible on whatever economic policies are being set globally . This is the result of America's supreme power that it is threatening to take punitive action against any country under its Super - 301 law . If we look at the politics of the world , then it seems that America's supremacy over the world has been completely established today. Russia has completely surrendered to America and America has also considered it as its most beloved country. Along with this, America is trying to strengthen its military hold on the whole world. pacific ocean , It has decided to increase its naval presence not only in the Atlantic Ocean and the Persian Gulf but also in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean.
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