Describe the evolutionary theory of the origin of the state.

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Discuss the evolutionary theory of the origin of the state.

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Which are the different theories of the origin of state ? Which is the most satisfactory theory from these and why ?

evolutionary theory of the origin of the State

The evolutionary theory of the origin of the state

All the theories related to the origin of the state, such as the divine theory, social agreement theory, power theory and paternal and maternal theory had become invalid due to their faults. That's when Darwin 's world-shaking biological theory attracted sociologists and political scientists too. Political scientists have also started propounding evolutionary theory in the field of politics. He attacked the old beliefs related to the origin of the state and expressed the view that the origin of the state is the result of natural and gradual development . The evolutionary theory of the origin of the state got strong support due to scientific validity and rationality.

According to the evolutionary theory of the origin of the state, the state did not originate at any particular time, but has developed gradually since very ancient times. Gradually, human institutions developed, then they were socialized and politicized , and then along with their expansion, the development of the state also took place.

In the words of Burgesh , “The state is born out of history. It is the continuous development of human society, which began to manifest itself in the most incomplete and deformed but progressive forms and developed towards a holistic and universal organization of men.”

Thoughts related to evolutionary theory have been systematically given in the 19th century, but long ago Aristotle wrote in his book Politics that "the state is a natural institution, which is the result of continuous development." After this Hegel and Spencer also considered the state as a developed institution.

But when the process of development of the state started, it cannot be said with certainty. Similarly, it cannot be said with certainty that which elements have contributed in the development of the state. By the way, no single element is important in the development of the state. There are many factors which have helped the state to develop.

Gatel observes that "the state, like other social institutions, developed in many sources and circumstances and became its existence invisibly. No distinction can be made between the primitive social institutions and the primitive states, which gradually grew into each other ." joined in."

The elements which have a special contribution in the development of the state are as follows -

1. Human nature

Aristotle says that " Man is a social animal , it is a fundamental nature of man that he cannot remain alone, he also wants to come in contact with other human beings. This nature of man is the first step in the development of the state. Man. Due to his social tendency, he came out of the private circle and came in contact with other human beings, this expanded his area. To keep this wide area organized, the need of an organization was felt, which can make rules etc. in the society and follow it. And along with the creation of such an organization, the form of the state got refined, so human nature is the most important supporting element in the development of the state.

In the words of Wilson , “The development of the state has been influenced by human intelligence or selection.

2. Blood relationship

According to Professor Gatel , "By the bond of blood relations, the feelings of mutual subordination and unity prevailed which are essential for political life." The importance of blood relation in human life has been there since ancient times. In the early period, man started to organize on the basis of blood-relationship .

Family was the first organization of man . Gradually the area of the family increased and families were formed on the basis of blood relation. Tribes were born from the family. All the necessary elements of the state were present in these tribes formed on the basis of blood relation. There was a chief among them, whose obedience was necessary for everyone, because disobeying the order was punished. This led to the development of the spirit of unity and discipline in man, which became the main basis of the state.

In the words of MacIver , "As the blood bond passed through the generations, the social bond of apparently extended fraternity changed. The authority of the father came to the power of the chief. What is better than that emerged. Blood relations protect the society and ultimately form the state."

3. Religion

Religion also plays an important role in the development of the state. In the beginning, when man was uncivilized, he looked at the natural wonders with awe and wonder and worshiped them. This is where religion was born. Since man was afraid of religion, so the unorganized society started to be organized through it. It is through religion that anarchy and animalism came to an end and rules of good behavior were made.

Getel has admitted that "in the early and most difficult period of political development, religion alone could destroy barbaric anarchy. It took thousands of years to develop this discipline and respect for authority, which are the pickles of governance."

Later on, religion also started becoming a source of political power. At one time, political and religious power was beginning to be vested in one individual. When political power and religious power separated, then war broke out between them. Then religion did not end when it was defeated, rather it continued to infuse moral power in man and bind them together. Due to the special importance of religion in the development of the state, Dr. Iqbal Narayan Srivastava has said, "Religion has been an important element for organization and unity. Religion has taught discipline and obedience to man. There is no difference between religion and politics. Even today, somewhere religion has a close relationship with politics.

4. Power

The power element has also played an important role in the origin and development of the state, as MacIver has said, "Although the state did not arise through power, power has played an important part in the expansion of the state." That is why many political scientists consider political science to be the study of power rather than the study of the state. In the modern era, power is not only the main source of the state, even in the ancient times, power had an important place in the life of man. In ancient times there were wars between different tribes. The tribe that was victorious, he merged the defeated tribe into his clan and the defeated tribe obeyed the government of the victorious clan. Therefore, through war, the feeling of the people and the ruler was developed. The more powerful tribes continued to increase their sphere of influence and later the chieftains of these tribes became the rulers.

Many states have been created because of power. The statement of Jacques can be proved very simply that "Most of the states were born out of war and conquest. In different places, the victorious leaders started ruling the conquered people in different ways, which led to many types of governance systems." It was the beginning. Later on, the states were also born in this process.

5. Economic Activities

In the words of Dr. Om Nagpal , "The most important need of man is food and the process of development of the states begins with the efforts to get it." Marx also believes that "the history of mankind is the history of economic activities."

In the primitive age, when civilization and agriculture did not develop, man used to get his food from nature and he used to roam from one place to another to get food. Then man started rearing animals and birds for his food, but even then his food requirements could not be fulfilled. As the saying goes - "Necessity is the mother of invention", man invented agriculture. When man started doing agriculture, it was necessary for him to leave the life of nomads and settle in one place. So he started settling near the fields. This made a village (village).

It was because of agriculture that man developed a sense of his wealth and wars started in different villages over ownership. Therefore, to be victorious in wars and to protect their property, all the people of a village started getting organized and the spirit of mutual cooperation developed. With the increasing needs of man, there was division of labor and development of industries. Villages started turning into towns and these villages and towns became the main base of the state.

According to Gatel , “The economic endeavors of man by which man satisfied the basic needs and subsequently acquired wealth and wealth, have been instrumental in the formation of the state.” And Adam Smith even said in 'Wealth Of Nation' that "where there is no wealth, there is no need for a state."

6. Political Consciousness

Human-nature, blood-nature, religion, economic necessity and power as well as political consciousness have special importance in the development of the state.

According to Gil Christ , “At the bottom of all the elements of state-building, political consciousness is the one that is most important.” The economic development of man had already started with the advent of agriculture. Now humans started settling on a certain land area, due to which the development of villages took place. The feeling of mutual cooperation increased in man, but to maintain the internal order in these villages and to protect the property from external attacks, man felt the need of a strong organization. This feeling is the sign of the political consciousness of man.

Jellinek has said, “The internal causes of the origin of the state are expressed by organizing themselves into a group of individuals and themselves becoming its active members.

Thus, the proponents of the evolutionary theory of the origin of the state believe that the state is a natural institution, which is the result of continuous development and many elements have been helpful in its development. The situation that arose as a result of its mutual reaction became the reason for the development of the states. Various scientific investigations at present also confirmed that the state is the result of historical development. That is why everyone accepts the evolutionary theory regarding the origin of the state. It is universal.

conclusion

In relation to the origin of the state, the historical or evolutionary theory is the most valid, according to which the state was developed collectively not by any one element but by the basic social instincts, blood relations, religion, power, economic activities and political consciousness. Is. The family based on blood relation was the oldest form of state, religion provided unity to these families and economic activities inspired individuals to organize. Simultaneously, power and political consciousness gave clarity and breadth to the form of the state. Thus the state arose and while developing it attained its present form.